The FISSION process involves mechanical fibrillation of cellulose feedstock into nanofibers with measured Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) in the range of sub-zero and greater. The process can be adjusted to produce positive, negative or neutral charge on the surface of the nanofibers. The fibrillation process is unique, using modified equipment with energy consumptions of 400-800 kW-hrs/ton for products with measured CSF values of 0-100.